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Neanderthal anatomy differed from modern humans in that they had a more robust build and distinctive morphological features, especially on the cranium, which gradually accumulated more derived aspects, particularly in certain isolated geographic regions. Evidence suggests they were much stronger than modern humans while they were comparable in height; based on 45 long bones from at most 14 males and 7 females, Neanderthal males averaged and females tall. Samples of 26 specimens in 2010 found an average weight of for males and for females. A 2007 genetic study suggested some Neanderthals may have had red hair. ==Distinguishing physical traits== The magnitude of autapomorphic traits in specimens differ in time. In the latest specimens, autapomorphy is unclear. The following is a list of physical traits that distinguish Neanderthals from modern humans. However, not all of them distinguish specific Neanderthal populations from various geographic areas, evolutionary periods, or other extinct humans. Also, many of these traits occasionally manifest in modern humans, particularly among certain ethnic groups traced to Neanderthal habitat ranges. Nothing is certain (from unearthed bones) about the shape of soft parts such as eyes, ears, and lips of Neanderthals. While the structure of the head and face were not very far removed from those of modern humans, there were still quite noticeable differences. Notably the modern human head is shorter, with a less pronounced facial front. The Neanderthal chin and forehead sloped backwards and the nose region protruded forward more than in modern humans. The common shapes of the nose are not known but in general it was likely more robust, and possibly slightly larger, than in modern humans. The brain space of the skull, and so most likely the brain itself, were larger than in modern humans. When comparing traits to worldwide average present day human traits in Neanderthal specimens, the following traits are distinguished. The magnitude on particular trait changes with 300,000 years timeline. The large number of classic Neanderthal traits is significant because extreme examples of ''Homo sapiens'' may sometimes show one or more of these traits, but not most or all of them. *Cranial * *Suprainiac fossa, a groove above the inion * *Occipital bun, a protuberance of the occipital bone, which looks like a hair knot * *Projecting mid-face * *less neotenized skull than modern humans〔Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT.〕 * *Low, flat, elongated skull * *A flat basicranium〔 * *Supraorbital torus, a prominent, trabecular (spongy) brow ridge * * skull capacity (modern man: 1425 cm3) * *Lack of a protruding chin (mental protuberance; although later specimens possess a slight protuberance) * *Crest on the mastoid process behind the ear opening * *No groove on canine teeth * *A retromolar space posterior to the third molar * *Bony projections on the sides of the nasal opening, projecting nose * *Distinctive shape of the bony labyrinth in the ear * *Larger mental foramen in mandible for facial blood supply *Sub-cranial * *Considerably more robust, stronger build * *Long collar bones, wider shoulders * *Barrel-shaped rib cage * *Short, bowed shoulder blades * *More laterally curved radius with a radial tuberosity placed more medially, a longer radial neck, a more ovoid radial head, and a well-developed interosseous crest. * *On the ulna, the trochlear notch is facing more anteriorly, the brachialis insertion is lower, the mid-shaft is larger, and the shaft is more sinusoidal.〔 * *Larger round finger tips * *Large kneecaps * *Thick, bowed shaft of the thigh bones, bowed femur * *Short shinbone and calf bone, longer torso and proportionally shorter legs * *Longer calcaneus (heel bone). * *Long, gracile pelvic pubis (superior pubic ramus) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Neanderthal anatomy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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